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ABOUT THE BOOK

The book is designed as an accessible and readable introduction to a rapidly expanding area that is in demand worldwide. A variety of professionals from different backgrounds are being tasked with managing health and safety risks in a wide variety of settings. Many lack current and up-to-date knowledge of the key developments that have taken place in Safety Science in recent decades, as well as a sense of how these developments fit in with previous approaches.

• This book takes readers on a ‘journey’ across three broad developments in safety science.
• It covers topics that focus on the individual including human error, risk and the role of cognition in human performance.
• It then shifts to research in safety science that uses organizations as the basic unit of analysis, questions about organizational decision making and the characteristics that dispose towards or against organizational failure and it introduces perspectives based on systems science that address issues that arise out of complexity and interdependence.

Those who will purchase this book are students taking courses in human factors, ergonomics, applied psychology, occupational health and safety management. Professionals working in safety management in any field from agriculture, construction, shipping, aviation, power generation, oil exploration, manufacturing to healthcare will find this book useful, as well as general readers interested in why systems fail.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction to Safety 1.1The Toll of Toil 1.2 Workplace Safety Around the World 1.3 Relative Burdens of Workplace Illness and Injury 1.4 Does ‘Regulated Self-Regulation’ Work? 1.5 Transportation Safety 1.6 The ‘Safety Journey’ Section One: Individuals 2. Risk Perceiving Risk 2.1 Risk Tolerance 2.2 Risk-Taking and Accidents 2.3 Adapting to Risk 2.4 Quantifying Risk 2.5 Managing Risk 2.6 Safety Management Systems 2.7 Conclusions 3. Human Error The Varieties of Human Error 3.1 Coming Together: Academic Consensus on Human Error 3.2 Freudian Slips 3.3 Remembering to Remember 3.4 Error and Skill in Context 3.5 Error as an Industrial Safety Problem 3.6 The ‘Swiss Cheese’ Metaphor 3.7 Human Error Analysis in Practice 3.8 Summary and Conclusions 4. Safety by Design Designing for Flight Safety 4.1 Controls and Displays 4.2 Design for Action 4.3 Designing Tasks for Human Abilities 4.4 Attention and Performance 4.5 Decisions, Decisions 4.6 Light, Heat, and Reach 4.7 Summary and Conclusions Section Two: Organizations 5. Normal Accidents People in Context: Societies and Organizations 5.1 Normal Accident Theory 5.2 Error-Inducing Systems 5.3 The Management Paradox 5.4 The Dynamics of Normal Accidents 5.5 Assessing Normal Accident Theory 6. High Reliability Organizations 6.1 Commercial Aviation and the Mid-Air Collision 6.2 The Berkeley Project 6.3 Defining a ‘High Reliability Organization’ 6.4 Can we Rely on Healthcare? 6.5 The Contribution of HRO Theory 7. Normalization of Deviance, 7.1 Social Influence, 7.2 The Launch Decision, 7.3 Normalization of Deviance, 7.4 Safety Oversight at NASA, 7.5 Nothing Fails Like Success, 7.6 Applications of the ‘Normalization of Deviance’ Concept, 7.7 Drift into Failure Section Three: Systems 8. Cognitive Engineering: Constraints and Boundaries Constraints 8.1 The Decision Ladder 8.2 The Abstraction Hierarchy 8.3 Ecological Interface Design 8.4 The Boundaries of Safe Work 8.5 Mad Cows and Englishmen 8.6 ‘Workarounds’ in Healthcare 8.7 Summary and Conclusions 9. The Cybernetics of Safety: Information and Control 9.1 Feedback and Control 9.2 Information: The Difference That Makes a Difference 9.3 The STAMP Model of System Safety 9.4 Management Cybernetics: The Viable   Systems Model 9.5 Conclusions 10. Variability and Resilience Resilience Engineering 10.1 Resilient Healthcare 10.2 Resilience in Action 10.3 Safety-II 10.4 Safety Management: The New Agenda 10.5 Safety-II in Practice 10.6 Critique of Safety-II 10.7 Safety as a Systems Science 10.8 Conclusions 11. Making Sense of Failure: Beyond Accident Investigation (With Karl Bridges) 11.1 Accident Investigation 11.2 The Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster 11.3 Human Factors Analysis & Classification  System (HFACS) Accimap 11.4 Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) 11.5 Causal Analysis and Modelling Based on STAMP (CAST) 11.6 Comparisons Between the Accident Analysis Models 11.7 Systems Thinking in Accident Analysis 11.8 Conclusions Chapter Notes Index